13 Essential Editing Tips to Use in Your Essay Writing

It can be a challenge to find ways to keep improving, but one way of making your essays instantly better is effective editing. Editing your essay before you submit it could mean the difference between a good grade and a brilliant one, so it’s worth taking fifteen minutes or so before you send it off just checking through it to make sure that the structure and wording is as good as it can be. In this article, we give you some tips to think about when you’re editing your own writing. Keep these tips alongside you to use as a checklist and you can’t go far wrong! 1. Start by getting the structure right Unlike a house, an essay can be rearranged even after you’ve put it together. If you have time, try to leave a bit of time between finishing your essay and starting the editing process. This gives you time to approach it feeling reasonably fresh; if you edit immediately after spending a long time on something, you might find that you’re so close to it that you’re unable to spot errors. When you do sit down to look through it, start by looking at its structure. Think about the overarching shape of the argument you’re developing and check that the points you’ve made help build your essay towards a logical conclusion. You may have written an essay with the points in order of when they occurred to you, but is this really the most sensible order? Does one point follow logically on from the other? Would it make the essay more interesting to include a certain point near the beginning to tease the reader, or are you revealing too much in the opening, meaning it would be better to move some points nearer the end? These are just a few of the ways in which it might be possible to improve the structure, so it helps to keep in mind your overall argument and ensure your structure puts it across as effectively as possible. With word processors now the primary means of writing essays, it couldn’t be easier to rearrange paragraphs into a more logical structure by dragging and dropping or cutting and pasting paragraphs. If you do this, don’t forget to reread the essay to ensure that the wording works with this new order, otherwise you may end up with a sentence leading into the wrong paragraph. 2. Prune long sentences and paragraphs The perfect essay is like a bonsai tree – trimmed down to just the right size. Whether you’ve exceeded your word count or not, long sentences and paragraphs should be edited because they can be trickier to read, and risk being boring or hard to follow. Try, therefore, to keep sentences to a maximum of two or three clauses (or segments). Avoid long paragraphs by starting a new one if you find one getting longer than three or four sentences: a wall of text can be off-putting to the reader. Leave a space between paragraphs if you’re typing your essay, as we’re doing in this article. Another way of keeping sentences to a reasonable length is to go through what you’ve written and tighten up the wording. If you find yourself writing long sentences, try to look for ways in which you can reword them to express what you’re trying to say more concisely. You’ll probably find numerous instances of phrases that take many words to say what could be said in two or three. 3. Keep overly complicated language in check It’s going to look obvious if you’ve had a thesaurus next to you while writing, just so that you can replace all the simple words with more complicated ones. The thing is, it doesn’t always make you look intelligent; you may, for instance, inadvertently choose the wrong synonym, not realising that even close synonyms can have subtly different meanings or connotations. Sometimes using big words where simple ones would suffice can seem contrived and pompous; aim for clear, concise language to avoid being verbose or pretentious. That’s not to say you shouldn’t use more complex words at all – just choose the situation carefully and don’t overdo it. 4. Watch for repetition of ideas and words Avoid repeating yourself. It’s easy to repeat yourself without realising it when you’re writing, but the editing process is there to enable you to spot this before your teacher or lecturer sees it. As you read through your essay, keep a look out for ideas you’ve repeated and delete whichever repetitions add nothing to your essay (don’t forget that the first instance of the idea may not be the most appropriate place for it, so consider which is the best moment to introduce it and delete the other mentions). On a related note, look out for instances in which you’ve laboured the point. Going on about a particular point for too long can actually undermine the strength of your argument, because it makes you look as though you’re desperately grappling to find supporting facts; sometimes a simple, clear statement with a brief piece of evidence to back it up is all that’s needed. You should be equally wary of repetition of words within the same sentence or paragraph. It’s fine to repeat common words such as â€Å"the†, obviously, but it’s best to avoid using the same connecting words, such as â€Å"also†, more than once in the same paragraph. Rephrase using alternative expressions, such as â€Å"what’s more†. More unusual words should be used just once per paragraph – words such as â€Å"unavoidable†, for example – unless it’s for emphasis. 5. Don’t rely on the spellcheck It’s a tip we’ve told you before, but it’s worth repeating because it’s very important! The spellcheck will not pick up every single error in your essay. It may highlight some typos and misspellings, but it won’t tell you if you’ve inadvertently used the wrong word altogether. For example, you may have meant to write the word â€Å"from†, but accidentally mistyped it as â€Å"form† – which is still a word, so the spellchecker won’t register it. But it’s not the word you meant to write. 6. Spotting typos Printing something out in order to edit it can help you spot mistakes. It’s said that if you read through your work backwards, you’re more likely to spot typos. This is probably because it’s giving you a new perspective on what you’ve written, making it easier to spot glaring errors than if you read through it in the order in which you wrote it and in which you know what to expect. So, start with the last sentence and keep going in reverse order until you get to the beginning of your essay. Another tip is to print out your essay and take a red pen to it, circling or underlining all the errors and then correcting them on the computer later. It’s often easier to read a document from a printed version, and it also means that you can follow what you’re doing by touching each word with the end of your pencil to make sure you’re not skimming over any errors. 7. Omit unnecessary words and eradicate weasel words Without even realising it, you’ve probably used plenty of unnecessary words in your writing – words that add to the word count without adding to the meaning – and you’ll find that your writing works just as well without them. An example is the word â€Å"very†, which almost always adds nothing to what you’re trying to say. As Mark Twain said, â€Å"Substitute ‘damn’ every time you’re inclined to write ‘very’; your editor will delete it and the writing will be just as it should be†. Weasel words are worse, as they are used to hide weak or objectionable arguments. A study of Wikipedia found that these tend to fall into three different categories: numerical vagueness (such as â€Å"many people say† without specifying who these people are), the use of the passive voice to distance the writer from what they’re saying (â€Å"it is often said†, for example, without saying by whom it is often said), and the use of adverbs designed to soften a point (such as â€Å"probably†). Look out for these in your own writing and rephrase to remove them; they are disingenuous and your essay will be stronger without them. 8. Remove tautologies Also, ‘big’ is quite an unimpressive adjective. A tautology is a stylistic error involving redundant words, in this case the use of two consecutive words that mean the same thing, such as â€Å"the big giant† (referring simply to a â€Å"giant† would have been sufficient to convey the meaning). Students often use them when they’re trying to make their writing wordier, not realising that they simply make their writing worse. 9. Watch the commas People tend either to put too many commas into a sentence, or too few. Too many, and the sentence sounds broken and odd; too few, and the reader has to read the sentence several times to figure out what you’re trying to say, because it comes out in a long, jumbled mess. The secret is to put commas in where you would naturally pause when speaking aloud. If it helps, try reading your writing aloud to see if it flows. Where you would pause for slightly longer, a semi-colon might be more appropriate than a comma. Use a semi-colon to connect two independent clauses that would work as two separate sentences. 10. Consistent spelling Some words have more than one correct spelling, and the important thing is to be consistent with which one you use. You could, if you wanted to make your life a little easier, delve into the settings on your word processor and manipulate the spellcheck so that it highlights the version you decided against – or even autocorrects to the right version. If you’re writing in the UK, ensure that your word processor’s default language is set to UK English so that you don’t end up inadvertently correcting English spellings to US ones (â€Å"colour† to â€Å"color†, for example). 11. Get rid of exclamation marks and ellipses If you use lots of exclamation marks, be aware that this is how your readers will picture you. In virtually every case, you don’t need to use an exclamation mark, and – at least in academic writing – your use of one may result in your writing not being taken quite so seriously. Only use them in exceptional circumstances when you really want to convey a feeling of surprise or outrage. Ellipses (â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) should also be avoided except when you’re indicating the truncation of a quote from another writer (that is, where you left a bit out). 12. Attribute quotations Quotations from authors or academic writers should be attributed to them. As you read through your essay, keep a look out for any quotations you’ve mentioned and make sure that you say where they’re from. If you’re writing an essay for university, a footnote would be an appropriate way of citing another writer. If you are using footnotes, this gives an extra area on which to focus your editing skills; ensure that all footnotes are consistently formatted, and don’t forget to put a bibliography containing all the books you’ve used at the end. 13. Consistent formatting There’s no reason to have bad formatting when you’re using a computer. The appearance of your essay matters, too – and the formatting should not be neglected when you’re in editing mode. This means being consistent with your use of fonts, using italics or underline for emphasis rather than using them interchangeably, ensuring that the spacing between lines is consistent throughout, and other such minor aesthetic points. This may not sound very important, but consistent formatting helps your essay look professional; if you’ve used different fonts or line spacing or anything like that, your essay will look a mess even if what you’ve said in it is good. You could make use of the pre-populated formatting options in your word processor to ensure consistency throughout, with header 1 for the title, header 2 for subheadings and ‘normal text’ for the body of the document. If you find that there are too many things on this list to think about in one go when you’re reading through your essay, you could read through it several times looking out for different things each time. All this may seem a lot to think about when you’ve already put in so much effort to write the essay in the first place, but trust us: it will pay off with a sleek and polished piece.

The MBA Thesis for Graduate Students Essay Example

The MBA Thesis for Graduate Students Essay Example The MBA Thesis for Graduate Students Essay The MBA Thesis for Graduate Students Essay Essay Topic: Thesis MBA treatise And Communication Activity a MBA treatise sometimes takes the attribute of communication, disagreeable to persuade others that you change a dianoetic stand on the issue you are perusal. In MBA theses, action assignments oftentimes enquire you to achieve a coaxing casing graphic. You are questionable to sway the MBA theses clergyman of what your characteristic is which you deprivation to compose. This attribute of affect, oftentimes titled educational argumentation, follows a accepted activity in MBA treatise activity. MBA Explore Treatise Activity Activity MBA treatise starts with Debut. Aft a instrument debut of your case, you attribute your stand on the case direct and unremarkably in ace condemn. This condemn is the treatise evidence, and it gives a abstract of the argumentation you’ll achieve in the breathe of your MBA treatise. 1. Debut This is a broad activity to what the MBA treatise is each active; it is not conscionable a statement of the list of apiece component. 2. Backcloth Collection (elective) A abbreviated component gift backcloth collection hawthorn be needful, especially if your chore spans cardinal or often accepted fields. 3. Explore Ask or Difficulty Evidence It states a instrument evidence of the ask that your MBA theses tackles 4. Lit Accounting This location of the MBA explore treatise is oftentimes many accessible benign. It hawthorn acquire ace or various sections and subsections. 5. Epistemology This component includes the methods of inquiry old in the MBA theses. E.g., interviews, surveys, reports etc. 6. Findings or Results This is component of MBA theses where we investigate the results base in Lit examination component. 7. Conclusions The MBA explore Essay editing treatise unremarkably covers 4 things in the conclusions area, and apiece of these unremarkably merits a abstracted section: Conclusions Unofficial Approaching Explore Deduction 8. References The database of references in MBA Research papers theses is nearly bound to the lit examination. About examiners have your database of references looking the big activity in the country, so our MBA treatise group takes bound they are catalogued.

ICT's & strategic change-master level Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

ICT's & strategic change-master level - Essay Example The original intention use of social media networking is to socializing but it is has exploited by organizations as a mean of information communication technology ICT’s for strategic change. This exploitation of social media networking is consequence of unintended use of IS application. ICT’s & the Strategic Change Drivers: Organization Perspective Jansen et al (2010) investigated the relationship between information sharing on social media and user’s behaviors, they found that the more users involved in social media application the more is their ability to act on these opinion sharing and knowledge they received. The Drivers of Organization behind Employing Social Media Application In theory, any organization is part of external environments, interconnected to other organizations and external environment which is known as ‘the organization as a system’ (Senior &Fleming, pp.6, 2006). The Organization, as a system theory, is not in isolation but a pla ce in the external environment where it receives its input from the external environment and produces their output to the environment. This implies the interrelation and influence of an organization on each other’s and the influence of the external environment in border context. ... The Game theory helps us to understand our organization and our competitors, the theory has been derived from the art of war based on ‘thus, it is said that one who knows the enemy and knows himself will not be endangered in a hundred engagements. One who does not know the enemy but knows himself will sometime be victorious, some time meet with defeat. One who knows neither the enemy nor himself will invariably be defeated in every engagement’ (Day & Reibstein , 2004). By understanding the different theories related to the organization and the dynamic external environment that will help us to understand the need for strategic change. Many sounds theory emphasized that any organization is not island of isolation but further more is placed in dynamic environments with many other organizations. Therefore the need to understand this environment is matter along with understanding other organization in another word the ‘competitors’. In the case of UK government, employing some framework would be good to analyze and understand the dynamic environment in which the organization placed. I will apply two framework here which are SWOT analysis and Porter framework. SWOT The basic strength of the UK government is its resiliency and the government structure in itself. The vast resources that have been accumulated in the past several hundred years is a testament to the resiliency of the UK government. The ICT of the UK in general gives an edge over all the other European countries. The weakness from my point of view of the UK government is the red tape that abounds the government offices. This weakness is borne from the different controls needed to safe guard the interest of the public. The opportunity that is

Behavioval Science and Human Relations Term Paper

Behavioval Science and Human Relations - Term Paper Example It is considered that each of these internal systems possess specific control behaviors. It is assumed that the probabilities of transition between these internal states predict human behaviors in varying social contexts. The trends in these interstate transitions are calibrated and hierarchically organized by behavioral scientists to understand long term and short term human behaviors. It is these two ranges of behaviors which makes the foundation for human behavior and human relations. Such a modeling of human behavior can be helpful in many ways. These models can be used to develop human-machine systems which can assess and recognize human behavior. This could even be used to predict human behavior. Here the requirement is to have inputs for this system on the internal human states. However, the challenge here is that these human states are not readily observable. These internal states are to be estimated through an indirect estimation process. There are several researches on beha vioral science which has led to the designing of models which can estimate these internal human states. For instance, Pentland & Liu (199) has used a model termed Hidden Markov Model (HDD) to undertake this assessment and were able to recognize human driving behaviors and predict the pattern of human control states. It has been claimed that they were able to do accurate predictions and anticipate human behavior even up to few seconds in future. Behavioral science uses several human systems to analyze human behavior and relations. It has been recorded that human behaviors like speech, handwriting and hand gestures can be precisely recognized through some of the assessment models(Pentland & Liu, 1999). However, very detailed properties like smoothness and continuity are required to go up to the level of accurate simulation and prediction. Sharper models are required to capture the additional properties of smoothness and continuity. The application of these behavioral models in managem ent is based on the basic theory that every employee moves within his own unique system of human behavior. These are further influenced by the cultural, environmental and the experience based conditioning of each individual. It is important to understand these factors as it is these factors which make an individual to react in a particular when it comes to human relations. Thus it is important in management to understand these factors. It is these factors which constitutes that particular individual’s behavioral system. Thus if one could identify the factors within the behavioral system of an individual, the management will be in a position to predict that individual’s response in a given situation. The Human Relations approach The consideration of human behavior and elementary drivers of human behaviors in management has evolved as different school of thought in management, which is termed to be the human relations approach (Likert, 1961). This school of thought is ho wever, contradictory to the conventional management concepts. While the conventional management theories rely on rationalizing of management processes, the human relations approach leaves ample space for human behavior and emotions within in management. In simpler words, classical theories of management quantify work and work routines through tangible markers whereas the human relations approach accommodates emotional and relational needs of individuals

Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Assignment Example In cyanobacteria, strains with a clock period length that matched the environmental photoperiod outgrow strains with no clock or with an out of phase period length in competitive culture conditions (Woefle et al., 2004). This does gesture to the probability of the clock being an important evolutionary step that allowed survival of early organisms. Circadian rhythms can influence sleep-wake cycles, hormone release, body temperature and other important intrinsic functions. Organization and function Function: The main principle of circadian clocks is oscillatory gene activation. The initial gene activation is regulated by the last one in the sequence, making up an auto-regulatory feedback loop that lasts about 24 hours. That is, feedback loops of transcription and translation, whereby the protein product of a clock gene will indirectly shut off its own expression. Such feedback loops are controlled and probably lengthened by post-translational modifications of most proteins involved (Ha rms et al., 2004) Organization: They have three major components: 1) A central oscillating mechanism with a period of about 24 hours. 2) Several output pathways associated with distinct phases of the oscillator. These control the activities of the organism. 3) Several input pathways to this central oscillator to allow programming of the circadian clock. Metazoans possess circadian clocks in most cells of the body. Each of these clocks is autonomous (Welsh et al., 1995). This means that each of the cells has to be entrained autonomously as well. But, since the oscillations of the clocks are roughly 24 hours in length, there has to be a form of synchronization. In the case of direct light entrained organisms, such as the drosophila, this entrainment occurs in cells independently (Plautz et al.,1997) (Whitmore et al., 2000). In drosophila, the Drosophila ring gland and Malpighian tubules show some sort of rhythms. This autonomous cell entrainment may also be seen in higher organisms wh ere the parasympathetic system is responsible for entrainment (Ishida et al., 2005). It is itself entrained by the central master clock. In higher organisms, the process is more complex and requires what is known as hierarchical entrainment. This is discussed below. In higher organisms such as man, the entrainment of the clock is hierarchical. This is similar to most other vertebrates. In mammals, the suprachiasmic nucleus acts as the main/master clock. It is a paired neuronal structure located at the base of the hypothalamus. It is just above the optic chiasm/bifurcation (Klein et al.1991). It facilitates entrainment and synchrony of all other tissues by direct and indirect methods. These include use of hormones, temperature regulation, feeding regulation and metabolism. The suprachiasmic nucleus undergoes entrainment by relation with the optic apparatus via optic tract. This is the retionohypothalamic tract (Ben-Schlomo and Kyriacou, 2002). The SCN consists of a mixed population o f neuronal and glial cells, but which types of cells might be capable of acting as circadian oscillators is presently unknown . Since they are autonomous in function, several theories have been proposed as to their synchronization. One is the synchrony of circadian rhythm due to production of melatonin by the pineal gland. It

Impact of obesity on womens health during pregnancy

Impact of obesity on womens health during pregnancy Obesity is a clinical term used to describe excess body fat. The most common method of measuring obesity is the Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is used because, for most people, it correlates with their amount of body fat. It is calculated by dividing a persons weight measurement (in kilograms) by the square of their height (in metres). a BMI of 30 or above means that person is considered to be obese (DoH, 2010). Rising rates Obesity is an increasing phenomenon worldwide. In 2008, the Health Survey for England (HSE) data showed that 61.4% of adults (aged 16 or above) in England were overweight and of these 24.5% were obese. They found this was an increase since 1993. In pregnancy- In pregnancy the incidence is around 18-19% in the United Kingdom (Kanagalingam et al, 2005). Between 2004 and 2007, 15% of all UK maternal deaths occurred in women with a BMI of more than 35, half of which had a BMI of over 40. Fifty-two per cent of deaths occurred in women with a BMI of over 25, which is classed as over-weight (Lewis, 2007) Dangers and complications- Obesity is a common risk factor in many conditions, especially metabolic (e.g. type 2 diabetes), circulatory (e.g. cardiovascular disease) and degenerative (e.g. osteoarthritis). For women, the risk of gynaecological complications, like endometrial cancer, infertility, menstrual disturbances and ovulation disorders, increase if the woman is obese. There are many significant risk factors during pregnancy that are affected by obesity. These include early miscarriage, gestational diabetes and pregnancy hypertension/pre-eclampsia (Andreasen et al, 2004/Duckitt et all, 2005/Erez-Weiss et al, 2005/Shaw et al, 2000), venous thromo-embolism and anaesthetic problems, e.g. tracheal intubation or epidural/spinal insertion (Irvine et al, 2006). If maternal complications develop the fetus/neonate is also at risk of neural tube defects (Shaw et al, 2000), late still birth (Irvine et al, 2006) and neonatal death (Kristensen et al, 2005), fetal macrosomia (Yogev et al, 2005), fetal trauma and neonatal unit admissions (Irvine et al, 2006). Obesity also causes issues pertaining to the value and reliability of certain aspects of care during the antenatal period. These include difficulties in performing amniocentesis (Irvine et al, 2006), difficulties in achieving venous access, difficulties in performing abdominal palpation (Farrell et al, 2002) and difficulties obtaining ultrasound data for fetal anomalies and growth (Martinez-Frais et al, 2005). There are significant risk factors due to obesity during the intrapartum period. These comprise increased rates of prolonged labour (Vahratian et al, 2004), risks associated with macrosomia e.g. shoulder dystocia (Irvine et al, 2006/Andreasen et al, 2004), increased rates of operative birth (Irvine et al, 2006/Fraser, 2006), especially for primigravida (Dempsey et al, 2005), difficulties in undertaking instrumental and operative procedures (Irvine et al, 2006/Andreasen et al, 2004) and difficulty siting an epidural or spinal for labour or caesarean section (Irvine et al, 2006). Postpartum related obesity issues consist of longer post-operative recovery times and increased rates of post-operative complications, e.g. infections of wounds and urinary tract (Irvine et al, 2006). Women who are obese during pregnancy exhibit a tendency to retain fat centrally on their abdomens postnatally, which may results in increased morbidity and mortality later in life (Soltani et al, 2002). Contraception choices will also be influenced by the presence of complications. Whilst out on my community placement, I was involved in the care of a woman who had a BMI of 52. We were caring for her postnatally after an elective caesarean section. Most likely due to her weight, the surgeon chose to use metal skin clips on her wound, rather than a suture (Irvine et al, 2006). On day five postnatally we were due to remove alternate staples. However, we could see the wound was still gapping and not fused closed so we left them for one more day. On day six we returned and removed the alternate clips with no problem. Irvine et al (2006) recommend an interrupted suture or skin clips on the basis that if a small haematoma or a localised area of infection develops, a few clips/sutures can be removed to aid resolution. When we revisited the woman on day eight, we found the wound to be very red, oozing puss and giving off a very offensive smell. The woman simply could not get any air to the wound, due to the over-hang of her stomach on to the wound. Even whilst lying down, the stomach still covered the area if it was not held up and supported. I feel this was an important factor to her getting a wound infection. Due to the over hanging of the pannus, women are significantly at increased risk of wound infection even if given postoperative prophylactic antibiotics (Irvine et al, 2006). Discuss differing health promotion strategies according to context of the case study Obesity levels in England have currently reached epidemic levels and Suffolk is consistent with this. Suffolk is below the average obesity level, but this varies across the county (Transforming Suffolk, 2008). A new project has been launched, called Healthy Ambition Suffolk to make Suffolk the healthiest county in the UK by 2028. Part of this includes tackling obesity. Governments 5 a day scheme In January 2009, the Government began a campaign in response to the rising rates of obesity. Change4Life is Englands first ever national social marketing campaign to promote healthy weight and supports the overall Healthy Weight, Healthy Lives strategy. One of Change4Lifes recommendations is to eat 5 A DAY as part of a healthy balanced diet (DoH, 2010). Eating at least five portions of fruit and vegetables everyday seems valuable, however it is hard to see exactly how this will help with the fight against obesity, unless it is thought that consuming more fruits and vegetables will transfer calories from other sources. Healthy start vouchers The Government has also introduced another health promotion strategy called Healthy Start. This consists of vouchers with a monetary value which can be used against fresh fruit and vegetables, fresh milk and also infant formula. Not every woman will be able to claim these, they are income assessed and women need to fit certain criteria (DoH, 2006). Dietian/nutritionalist referrals In accordance with the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE, 2010), pregnant women with a body mass index of more than 30 will be under consultant led care and receive any additional care they require. Midwives should refer women to a dietician for assessment and advice on healthy eating and exercise. However, they should not recommend weight-loss during pregnancy (NICE, 2008). In 2003, a report on obesity by the House of Commons demanded six other government departments joined forces. These departments were: Department of health: Main responsibility as obesity is a public health issue. Department of culture, media and sport: For promoting sports and physical activity. Department for education and skills: To ensure that children get adequate physical education at schools and have access to food at schools. Department for transport: For making healthy transport policies to encourage cycling and walking. Department of environment, food and rural affairs: For farming and produce of healthy food. Department of trade and industry: For food manufacturing and retail industry Analyse concepts of poverty, disadvantage and inequality and the impact on childbearing women, babies and their families. There is evidence that maternal obesity is related to health inequalities, particularly socioeconomic deprivation, inequalities within ethnic groups and poor access to maternity services (Heslehurst et al 2007). Healthy food is often more expensive and gyms facilities and fitness classes are not readily available for low income families. Analyse and reflect upon the role of the midwife and other professionals in their contribution to the public health agenda The Faculty of Public Health define public health as the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organised efforts of society (Acheson, 1988). Public health is about promoting physical, mental or emotional well-being by inspiring, educating and empowering the public to stay healthy (CSP, 2010). Midwives play a very important role in achieving this. When initially booking women for their pregnancy care, if there are any health concerns the midwife should advise and refer to other health professionals if necessary. The role of the midwife has evolved in recent years with more emphasis on a public health role (DoH, 1993). It is reasonable to expect that midwives should have a working knowledge of the effects obesity, as well as other common public health issues, including teenage pregnancy, drug and alcohol abuse and smoking. They should have an understanding of the common risks associated with obesity and what they should be able to offer by way of support (English National Board, 2001). The Saving Mothers Lives report (2003-2005) carried out by the Confidential Enquiry into Maternal and Child Health (CEMACH) recommends that obese women should receive help to lose weight prior to conception. However, this is not always possible. I believe the Government are currently taking the correct steps to combat obesity. Whilst working on community and undertaking booking appointments, I have not actually seen women being referred for high BMIs. This is due to my Trust not taking a womans height and weight at the booking appointment so their BMI is unknown. These details are recorded when the women go for their 12 week dating scan. Therefore, referrals for high BMIs are carried out from the antenatal clinic. As midwives, we are used to managing women with complex needs in partnership with other agencies. I believe it is working within the multi-disciplinary team which gives the best care to women. The Royal College of Midwives (RCM) surveyed midwives and new mothers, which were published during Midwifery Week 2008. They showed that due to the shortage of midwives women are being short-changed on essential public health services and advice and are not getting the level and quality of service needed in areas such as obesity, smoking cessation, breast feeding and alcohol intake. The level of help that obese pregnant women are receiving is a cause for concern. Only 8% of women were offered help and advice, while the amount of women who said they would have liked to have had the service was 30%. The midwives surveys supported these findings, with only a fifth (22.5%) stating that they are able to offer or run obesity clinics, and 71% saying their Trust do not run them (RCM, 2008).

james madison Essay -- essays research papers

James Madison begins his famous federalist paper by explaining that the purpose of this essay is to help the readers understand how the structure of the proposed government makes liberty possible. Each branch should be, for the most part, in Madison's opinion, independent. To assure such independence, no one branch should have too much power in selecting members of the other two branches. If this principle were strictly followed, it would mean that the citizens should select the president, the legislators, and the judges. But, the framers recognized certain practical difficulties in making every office elective. In particular, the judicial branch would suffer because the average person is not aware of the qualifications judges should possess. Judges should have great ability, but also be free of political pressures. Since federal judges are appointed for life, their thinking will not be influenced by the president who appoints them, or the senators whose consent the president will s eek. Madison furthers, the members of each branch should not be too dependent on the members of the other two branches in the determination of their salaries. The best security against a gradual concentration of power in any one branch is to provide constitutional safeguards that would make such concentration difficult. The constitutional rights of all must check one man's personal interests and ambitions. We may not like to admit that men abuse power, but the very need for government itself proves they do, "if men were angels, no government would be necessary." Unfortunately, all men are imperfect, the rulers and the ruled. Consequently, the great problem in framing a government is that the government must be able to control the people, but equally important, must be forced to control itself. The dependence of the government on the will of the people is undoubtedly the best control, but experience teaches that other controls are necessary. Dividing power helps to check its growth in any one direction, but power cannot be divided absolutely equally. In the republican form of government, the legislative branch tends to be the most powerful. That is why the framers divided the Congress into two branches, the House of Representatives and the Senate, and provided for a different method of election in each branch. Further safeguards against legislative tyranny may be neces... ...ports: Partition of powers Each Department  · Should have a will of its own  · Thus members of each should have little to do with appointments of members of the other  · Member of each should be as little dependent as possible of the others for the emoluments annexed to their offices. In framing a government 1. government needs to control the governed 2. government needs to control itself Each department should have different amounts of self-defense because some departments need it more than others. Ex. Repersentative government legislative huge – divided into subgroups. Two considerations:  · Single - All the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government. Compound – power first divided by two distinct governments and then each portion subdivided among separate departments.  · Guard society not only of oppression of its rulers, but also injustice of the other part. Need to guard minorities. Keeps people from just electing someone on a whim. james madison Essay -- essays research papers James Madison begins his famous federalist paper by explaining that the purpose of this essay is to help the readers understand how the structure of the proposed government makes liberty possible. Each branch should be, for the most part, in Madison's opinion, independent. To assure such independence, no one branch should have too much power in selecting members of the other two branches. If this principle were strictly followed, it would mean that the citizens should select the president, the legislators, and the judges. But, the framers recognized certain practical difficulties in making every office elective. In particular, the judicial branch would suffer because the average person is not aware of the qualifications judges should possess. Judges should have great ability, but also be free of political pressures. Since federal judges are appointed for life, their thinking will not be influenced by the president who appoints them, or the senators whose consent the president will s eek. Madison furthers, the members of each branch should not be too dependent on the members of the other two branches in the determination of their salaries. The best security against a gradual concentration of power in any one branch is to provide constitutional safeguards that would make such concentration difficult. The constitutional rights of all must check one man's personal interests and ambitions. We may not like to admit that men abuse power, but the very need for government itself proves they do, "if men were angels, no government would be necessary." Unfortunately, all men are imperfect, the rulers and the ruled. Consequently, the great problem in framing a government is that the government must be able to control the people, but equally important, must be forced to control itself. The dependence of the government on the will of the people is undoubtedly the best control, but experience teaches that other controls are necessary. Dividing power helps to check its growth in any one direction, but power cannot be divided absolutely equally. In the republican form of government, the legislative branch tends to be the most powerful. That is why the framers divided the Congress into two branches, the House of Representatives and the Senate, and provided for a different method of election in each branch. Further safeguards against legislative tyranny may be neces... ...ports: Partition of powers Each Department  · Should have a will of its own  · Thus members of each should have little to do with appointments of members of the other  · Member of each should be as little dependent as possible of the others for the emoluments annexed to their offices. In framing a government 1. government needs to control the governed 2. government needs to control itself Each department should have different amounts of self-defense because some departments need it more than others. Ex. Repersentative government legislative huge – divided into subgroups. Two considerations:  · Single - All the power surrendered by the people is submitted to the administration of a single government. Compound – power first divided by two distinct governments and then each portion subdivided among separate departments.  · Guard society not only of oppression of its rulers, but also injustice of the other part. Need to guard minorities. Keeps people from just electing someone on a whim.

A Framework for Sustainable Port Security Essay

This research was conducted to determine the best ways in which United States can protect its ports which are the main source of economic connection with the world from terrorist attacks. The research question that implies here is; How important ports are for the U. S economy? And what measures can be taken to protect ports from terrorist attacks without affecting the economic activities? Is there a hypothesis or thesis or central argument that is clearly stated or implied? If so, what is it? The central argument was clearly portrayed and it depicted that even though a port may be viewed as a collection of assets but the port actually is a complex system consisting of loosely coupled sub systems, Secondly importance of organizational interrelationships that must exist in order to avoid the acts of terrorism and difficulties in bringing together the private and public entities that have a stake in port security system and finally the negative impact on economy that might occur due to port security interventions must be understood and curtailed. Does the Author answer the â€Å"So what? † Were you convinced that the study was worth doing? The research provided a brief sketch of how terrorist threats should be dealt with and it demonstrated how set of security interventions can be classified in respect of how they will affect the economy. It also identified that the primary aim of terrorist is to hurt our economic viability of ports and maritime systems. So security measures should be designed in a way that they do not harm the economy. Is the study unique in any way? The study was unique in a way that it defined the weakness; differ in threat, type of attack and potential consequences of each subsection separately implying that risk reduction intervention should be different for each sub system. The system was divided into four sub systems which are as follows: †¢ Containerized cargo †¢ Petrochemical cargo †¢ Bulk cargo †¢ Ferry passengers The owners and operators of containers are reliable as they are established companies and follow a fix route and schedule; the threat comes from the lack of ability to identify what is inside the container as these containers are sealed. System interventions should be designed in a way that they identify, track and secure the contents of container. The threat to petrochemical subsystem is that fire/explosion can be caused by any attack on the vessel containing dangerous material or the hijacking and use of vessel as a weapon. The management should ensure that the vessels are operated by trusted operators and it should increase the marine and terminal fire fighting capabilities in order to deal with any hazardous consequences. Bulk cargos are not owned by reliable operators so measures should be taken to make the system of ownership more transparent the cargos should be inspected before arriving to the port and a trusted shipper program should be shaped in an attempt to deal with these uncertainties. Ferries are locally owned and operated by government authorities, the terrorist attacks on these ferries can cause mass destruction so the passengers and vehicles should be inspected properly and they require a mass casualty response which is not available in most ports. What are the main points of the article? Following are the main points of article †¢ The large part of US trade is dependent upon shipping (Ports and maritime systems) and it is the main source of economic connection with the world. †¢ The aim of terrorist attacks on US ports is to destroy the US economy †¢ Emphasis should be given to organizational interrelationships in order to avoid acts of terrorism †¢ The port security should involve a step by step procedure and the terrorist attacks should be looked as a chain starting from threat factors and ending at the delayed consequences that the attack will have. †¢ The current scenario of defense is poor because the accountable authorities are less likely to be informed about report of immediate threats, secondly the weaknesses associated with the complex economic system are not properly understood and the risks are not easier to anticipate accurately. †¢ A port consists of different sub systems and each sub system requires different security measures. †¢ Each port has different sub system, an important step in determining the vulnerability of a particular port is the information of which sub system is operating in that port. This information is also essential to design a consequence management strategy for each port. What kind of literature review is provided and/or what sources are cited? How well does it fulfill that purpose? Following are the major sources of information for the study †¢ Barriers to port security †¢ Perspectives on the use of risk assessment to address terrorism †¢ Terrorism as hazard; a new species of trouble †¢ Crisis and emergency management †¢ Organizing for homeland securities. The sources were perfectly in line with the purpose of study and were quite helpful in finding out the essential information which was needed for the study. The literature review provided was of both qualitative and quantitative nature which made the arguments more strong How well does the Author explain their method of collecting and analyzing data? Could you replicate the study based upon the article before you? The method of collecting and analyzing the data was not clearly mentioned in the study and it could have been better and much easier for the readers to make judgments if the author would have defined the methods of collecting and analyzing the data. Is there any discussion of variables? Is so, how? Does the Author look at alternative points of view? The author did not look at the alternative points of view which could have made the study more interesting and commendable; there was ambiguity regarding the discussion of variables, still the study was worth doing and appreciable. Do the studies findings support the authors Goals or Thesis? How valid are they? The study was in line with the thesis and it found out that how significant US ports are for the economy and how important it is to devise a separate security strategy for each port. The importance of organizational interrelationship was defined; and the author discussed the responsibilities of each state in order to strengthen the organizational interrelationships. The study supported the thesis by answering the negative impact that US economy will have if security interventions are not planned adequately. The figures that were given regarding the risk management approach, organizational interventions and responsibilities were also helpful in tracking the threats and tactics to deal with those threats. However, the main emphasis of the study was on the physical attributes of the port and the differentiation between each port. The study found out that different security models can be prepared by comparing the cost associated for applying the model versus its effectiveness, but the purpose is not to prepare a list of models but to find out the most cost effective model. Does the conclusion follow from the evidence provided? Are you persuaded by it? Why or Why Not? The conclusion followed the findings of the study and described the danger of terrorist threats to US ports and the reason behind these threats is to hurt the US economy. So the security measures should be taken in away that they don’t dent the economy. Does the Author address the implications of these results? If so, how comprehensively is this done? The author looked at the broader perspectives and pointed out the areas which are needed to be work upon but in depth analysis of each aspect was not done the author touched different issues which were necessary and essential to curtail the possibility of dangerous consequences and the adverse effects that terrorism might have on the economy. Do you notice other strengths and limitations of this study? The study was done in an organized manner and numerical figures and solid sources were used to make the article stronger; the usage of diagrams also made it unique and substantial. However, more up to date sources could have made the research more effective and worthy.

The Many Uses of Swipe

The Many Uses of Swipe The Many Uses of â€Å"Swipe† The Many Uses of â€Å"Swipe† By Maeve Maddox Ben writes: I have noticed the changing in usage of words. When I was growing up â€Å"to swipe a card† (credit cards were not around then) meant to steal it and now you see the term â€Å"swipe the customers card.† No one’s quite sure where this word swipe originated. It’s kin to sweep and swoop. All three words suggest a wide sweeping motion. They can be used as nouns or as verbs. A batter takes a swipe at the ball. (noun) A waiter swipes a table with a towel. (verb) A hawk swoops down on a chicken. (verb) Macduff, learning of the murder of his family, cries: All? What, All my pretty Chickens, and their Damme, At one fell swoope?† (noun) A housewife sweeps the steps. (verb) An opera diva sweeps onto the stage in a long gown. (verb) A card player makes a clean sweep of all the stakes. (noun) The compound noun sweepstakes, meaning â€Å"prize won in a race or contest† entered the language in 1773. An earlier form of the word, swepestake existed in Middle English with the meaning â€Å"one who sweeps or wins all the stakes in a game.† King Henry VII of England had a ship with that name. The verb sideswipe, â€Å"to strike with a glancing blow,† dates from 1917. Its most common use is in speaking of vehicles: His mother was sideswiped by a driver in a green pickup truck. Swipe with the meaning of â€Å"to steal† is a latecomer, dating from 1889. This meaning is said to have originated as theatrical slang used of actors stealing jokes or stage routines from one another. Like Ben, I would have thought, growing up, that â€Å"to swipe a card† meant to steal it. That sense of swipe is still current. Swipe meaning â€Å"to run a credit card† came into use in the 1990s. In practice there’s probably not much chance of confusing the two meanings because context will make the difference clear: I swiped my credit card. The clerk swiped my credit card. Somebody swiped my credit card. Another popular use of swipe in the expression â€Å"to take a swipe at† with the meaning â€Å"to criticize† or â€Å"to make a verbal attack on† or even, perhaps, as in the Google quotation below, â€Å"to threaten†: Lindsey Graham Takes Another Swipe At Glenn Beck Google Takes Another Swipe at Newspapers And Magazines With Fast Flip The Vampire Diaries takes a swipe at Stephenie Meyers Twilight The New Yorker takes a swipe at  everyone Clearly swipe is a word we like to use in a variety of contexts. My only suggestion is that I’d avoid using swipe as a synonym for â€Å"to steal† in a serious context. It’s acceptable enough when used in a non-larcenous context among friends: Who swiped the last donut? He was drinking, so I swiped his car keys. Used of real crimes of theft, it becomes a euphemism to soften a vicious act. For example, this headline about the two juveniles who stole weapons from a gun cabinet and went on to murder five people and wound ten others: School shooters swiped guns from unlocked rack and these: Criminals swipe cables to cash in on soaring value of scrap metal the victim left his building, which is near 75th Street, the night before only to return at 10 am to discover his vintage basketball cards, valued at $2,000, had been swiped. I see no reason to avoid the stronger and more precise word steal in such contexts. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Punctuating â€Å"So† at the Beginning of a Sentence"Have" vs "Having" in Certain Expressions50 Synonyms for "Song"

Canadian workers essays

Canadian workers essays . How did McLachlan attempt to bring women into the wage campaign in 1917, and how did this strategy reflect ideas about masculinity? Women became the focus of J.B. McLachlans campaign for higher wages during 1917 in which there would have been, roughly, a 30 percent pay increase. After discussing it with the AMW, McLachlan set out to include women as part of the struggle so there could be a better understanding of the needs of workers and their families. Women were asked to write to McLachlan to provide information regarding an imaginary family budget. This budget had to include living expenses such as food and rent. At the time, workers were only receiving $3.50 a day which, as one woman points out, was not even enough to cover the food bill and the rent alone. This was McLachlans attempt to bring women into the wage campaign and it also changed the miners perception of womens role in the home. Within the mining community, women became more recognised as an important asset to their well-being within the community. The reason women were picked for McLachlans contest was because of their knowledge of money with respect to household expenses. Men were occupied working in the mines for ten hours a day while women took responsibility for managing the money. Asking them for the financial needs of mining families seemed like an obvious option to McLachlan and the AMW. The masculinity that existed during this time is something that should not be overlooked. It stemmed from the notion that men where the only ones who were supposed to work and earn a living, not women. The main purpose of keeping women in the home was for them to take care of the children as well as tending to the house. McLachlan also believed in this patriarchal norm that was part of society at the time. It was not typical for a man of this time period to stay at home and not be the breadwinner of the family. This way of thi ...

Critical Thinking Master Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Critical Thinking Master - Case Study Example The commitments by his team members or his Boss regarding iScanner are not valid because they do not know the bigger picture. Pat is trying to put her weight on him because she holds a senior designation in the company. Marketing personnel have the habit to jump to conclusions in the spurt of their aggression without trying to understand the product capabilities and positioning in a market segment. Pat hasn't done her homework in estimating the sales performance of the proposed product. Chris hasn't done his homework in concluding the budgetary figures The Organization hasn't developed any new product for more than a decade and hence lacks expertise in the same. Chris said yes to the plan under pressure from Pat and Cliff. He has not given due diligence from his side as well. Assumptions by Pat Lambert: Pat has a sound retail background and hence feels that her thoughts about the market are more powerful than survey reports and data analysis. She is more than convinced about the success of her idea. Getting into an innovation will ensure ample time to Pat thus taking her away from immediate revenue target pressures After reading the high level specifications of the iScanner software, Pat assumed that slight modifications in the product will make it suitable to be used in the application of her thought. Pat got a positive response from Kelly in a discussion that, in the perspective of Pat was a serious discussion while Kelly assumed that it is a casual discussion out of curiosity. Pat took his positive reply as "Technical Approval". An approval from Chris is good enough for her to build a proposal to Cliff. Kelly is too junior to be involved in the bigger picture at this... Kelly is proud to be the key architect of the iScanner Software and hence assumes that no plans in the company pertaining to this product can be successful without his approvals. He got mad when he came across a number of features defined by Pat that were discussed with his Boss and the CEO but not with him. He is not worried about the safety of his job in the company. Whatever might happen to others in the organization, he is convinced that his job cannot be taken because he is indispensable for the organization. Pat got a positive response from Kelly in a discussion that, in the perspective of Pat was a serious discussion while Kelly assumed that it is a casual discussion out of curiosity. Pat took his positive reply as "Technical Approval". An approval from Chris is good enough for her to build a proposal to Cliff. Kelly is too junior to be involved in the bigger picture at this stage and specifically when he has already given his so called "Technical Approval". Pat thought that after seeing the approvals from Cliff and Chris, Kelly will immediately get to work (given his level in the company, he is not supposed to question her decision and their approvals).

Social learning theory and style of learning Essay

Social learning theory and style of learning - Essay Example It is based on the supposition that people use several channels of perceiving information. Visual, auditory and kinaesthetic are the major sensory modalities used by humans. All the small children use kinaesthetic channel to explore the world. Later we develop the visual modality and finally master the auditory one. One should strive for developing all three modalities. However, most of people use one of the systems as the major to check the information. Visuals prefer to see information (they need to see a text, or charts and diagrams). Visual learners may be linguistic and spatial. Linguistic learners would remember a lecture if they watch slides with text, while spatial learners do better with charts, videos, demonstrations, and other visual materials. Those with dominant kinaesthetic modality need to touch and perform to master new skills. People with dominant auditory channel prefer to listen to information. Most of people are visuals. There are also many people with leading kin aesthetic modality. Dominant auditory modality is the less spread one (Adler 1997, Clark 2000). As Don Clark (2000) explains, the three learning styles are forced upon us through life like this: up to the third grade new information is mostly presented kinaesthetically, in grades 4-8 visual presentation prevails, while starting with the high school information is usually presented auditory by lectures. My dominant modality is visual spatial. I prefer to get information through pictures, maps, charts, movies and videos. It is easier for me to retain information in mental images than in audio and kinaesthetic format. To remember things I need to make schematic notes. However, I’ve got also a well developed kinaesthetic modality, so that in many cases I learn well through hands-on approach. Another useful instrument to be remembered is social learning theory, which provides glimpses at how most of us acquire our knowledge and